Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
Latest version · Adopted COP15 Dec 2022; first global stocktake 2026
Indian use case
India ratified the CBD; National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is being aligned to the GBF. Target 15 underpins the case for TNFD/SBTN adoption by Indian corporates.
Key points
- Target 3 (30x30): protect 30% of land, sea and inland waters by 2030.
- Target 15: large companies and financial institutions to monitor, assess and disclose nature impacts.
- Target 18: redirect or eliminate harmful subsidies (US$500bn/year).
- Target 19: mobilise US$200bn/year of biodiversity finance.
Sources
Related Indian regulation
- Biological Diversity Act 2002 + 2023 AmendmentParliament
Establishes the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) and State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs). The 2023 amendment liberalised the regime for AYUSH practitioners and codified penalties (replacing imprisonment with fines for several offences).
- Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 + Van Adhiniyam 2023Parliament
Restricts diversion of forest land. The 2023 amendment (Van Adhiniyam) narrowed the Act's scope and clarified exemptions for strategic and security infrastructure within 100 km of borders, drawing legal challenge before the Supreme Court.
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